Given the increasing complexity of power systems due to variable renewable energy sources and rising energy demands, long duration energy storage (LDES) emerges as a critical solution for enhancing grid stability, managing demand, and ensuring reliability. LDES technologies - including electrochemical to mechanical system - play a pivotable role in stabilizing grids, managing demand fluctuations and enabling decarbonization. They are essential for countries striving to meet ambitious net-zero goal and accelerating renewable energy deployment.
The report classifies LDES technologies by discharge duration into short- and medium-term solution designed for specific use cases. It offers a comparative framework evaluating each technology’s performance parameter and commercial readiness. Key technologies include metal-air, redox flow, molten salt batteries on the electrochemical side, as well as mechanical systems like pumped hydro, compressed air, liquid air, and gravity-based energy storage.
Each system has unique strength and limitations but can be integrated based on required duration, location and application. Molten metal batteries and gravity-based storage, in particular, show strong potential due to their efficiency and market maturity. The report highlights deployment challenges and underscores the need for customized solutions to improve energy access, sustainability, and resilience. Global case studies and insights into leading market players further enrich its comprehensive outlook on LDES.
